Original Story：
Inasmuch, then, as this Leviathan comes floundering down upon us from the head-waters of the Eternities, it may be fitly inquired, whether, in the long course of his generations, he has not degenerated from the original bulk of his sires.
But upon investigation we find, that not only are the whales of the present day superior in magnitude to those whose fossil remains are found in the Tertiary system (embracing a distinct geological period prior to man), but of the whales found in that Tertiary system, those belonging to its latter formations exceed in size those of its earlier ones.
Of all the pre-adamite whale yet exhumed, by far the largest is the Alabama one mentioned in the last chapter, and that was less than seventy feet in length in the skeleton. Whereas, we have already seen, that the tape-measure gives seventy-two feet for the skeleton of a large sized modern whale. And I have heard, on whalemen’s authority, that Sperm Whales have been captured near a hundred feet long at the time of capture.
But may it not be, that while the whales of the present hour are an advance in magnitude upon those of all previous geological periods; may it not be, that since Adam’s time they have degenerated?
Assuredly, we must conclude so, if we are to credit the accounts of such gentlemen as Pliny, and the ancient naturalists generally. For Pliny tells us of Whales that embraced acres of living bulk, and Aldrovandus of others which measured eight hundred feet in length- Rope Walks and Thames Tunnels of Whales! And even in the days of Banks and Solander, Cooke’s naturalists, we find a Danish member of the Academy of Sciences setting down certain Iceland Whales (reydan-siskur, or Wrinkled Bellies) at one hundred and twenty yards; that is, three hundred and sixty feet. And Lacepede, the French naturalist, in his elaborate history of whales, in the very beginning of his work (page 3), sets down the Right Whale at one hundred metres, three hundred and twenty-eight feet. And this work was published so late as A.D. 1825.
But will any whaleman believe these stories? No. The whale of to-day is as big as his ancestors in Pliny’s time. And if ever I go where Pliny is, I, a whaleman (more than he was), will make bold to tell him so. Because I cannot understand how it is, that while the Egyptian mummies that were buried thousands of years before even Pliny was born, do not measure so much in their coffins as a modern Kentuckian in his socks; and while the cattle and other animals sculptured on the oldest Egyptian and Nineveh tablets, by the relative proportions in which they are drawn, just as plainly prove that the high-bred, stall-fed, prize cattle of Smithfield, not only equal, but far exceed in magnitude the fattest of Pharaoh’s fat kine; in the face of all this, I will not admit that of all animals the whale alone should have degenerated.
But still another inquiry remains; one often agitated by the more recondite Nantucketers. Whether owing to the almost omniscient look-outs at the mast-heads of the whaleships, now penetrating even through Behring’s straits, and into the remotest secret drawers and lockers of the world; and the thousand harpoons and lances darted along all continental coasts; the moot point is, whether Leviathan can long endure so wide a chase, and so remorseless a havoc; whether he must not at last be exterminated from the waters, and the last whale, like the last man, smoke his last pipe, and then himself evaporate in the final puff.
Comparing the humped herds of whales with the humped herds of buffalo, which, not forty years ago, overspread by tens of thousands the prairies of Illinois and Missouri, and shook their iron manes and scowled with their thunder-clotted brows upon the sites of populous river-capitals, where now the polite broker sells you land at a dollar an inch; in such a comparison an irresistible argument would seem furnished, to show that the hunted whale cannot now escape speedy extinction.
But you must look at this matter in every light. Though so short a period ago- not a good lifetime- the census of the buffalo in Illinois exceeded the census of men now in London, and though at the present day not one horn or hoof of them remains in all that region; and though the cause of this wondrous extermination was the spear of man; yet the far different nature of the whale-hunt peremptorily forbids so inglorious an end to the Leviathan. Forty men in one ship hunting the Sperm Whales for forty-eight months think they have done extremely well, and thank God, if at last they carry home the oil of forty fish. Whereas, in the days of the old Canadian and Indian hunters and trappers of the West, when the far west (in whose sunset suns still rise) was a wilderness and a virgin, the same number of moccasined men, for the same number of months, mounted on horse instead of sailing in ships, would have slain not forty, but forty thousand and more buffaloes; a fact that, if need were, could be statistically stated.
Nor, considered aright, does it seem any argument in favor of the gradual extinction of the Sperm Whale, for example, that in former years (the latter part of the last century, say) these Leviathans, in small pods, were encountered much oftener than at present, and, in consequence, the voyages were not so prolonged, and were also much more remunerative. Because, as has been elsewhere noticed, those whales, influenced by some views to safety, now swim the seas in immense caravans, so that to a large degree the scattered solitaries, yokes, and pods, and schools of other days are now aggregated into vast but widely separated, unfrequent armies. That is all. And equally fallacious seems the conceit, that because the so-called whale-bone whales no longer haunt many grounds in former years abounding with them, hence that species also is declining. For they are only being driven from promontory to cape; and if one coast is no longer enlivened with their jets, then, be sure, some other and remoter strand has been very recently startled by the unfamiliar spectacle.
Furthermore: concerning these last mentioned Leviathans, they have two firm fortresses, which, in all human probability, will for ever remain impregnable. And as upon the invasion of their valleys, the frosty Swiss have retreated to their mountains; so, hunted from the savannas and glades of the middle seas, the whale-bone whales can at last resort to their Polar citadels, and diving under the ultimate glassy barriers and walls there, come up among icy fields and floes! and in a charmed circle of everlasting December, bid defiance to all pursuit from man.
But as perhaps fifty of these whale-bone whales are harpooned for one cachalot, some philosophers of the forecastle have concluded that this positive havoc has already very seriously diminished their battalions. But though for some time past a number of these whales, not less than 13,000, have been annually slain on the nor’west coast by the Americans alone; yet there are considerations which render even this circumstance of little or no account as an opposing argument in this matter.
Natural as it is to be somewhat incredulous concerning the populousness of the more enormous creatures of the globe, yet what shall we say to Harto, the historian of Goa, when he tells us that at one hunting the King of Siam took 4,000 elephants; that in those regions elephants are numerous as droves of cattle in the temperate climes. And there seems no reason to doubt that if these elephants, which have now been hunted for thousands of years, by Semiramis, by Porus, by Hannibal, and by all the successive monarchs of the East- if they still survive there in great numbers, much more may the great whale outlast all hunting, since he has a pasture to expatiate in, which is precisely twice as large as all Asia, both Americas, Europe and Africa, New Holland, and all the Isles of the sea combined.
Moreover: we are to consider, that from the presumed great longevity of whales, their probably attaining the age of a century and more, therefore at any one period of time, several distinct adult generations must be contemporary. And what this is, we may soon gain some idea of, by imagining all the grave-yards, cemeteries, and family vaults of creation yielding up the live bodies of all the men, women, and children who were alive seventy-five years ago; and adding this countless host to the present human population of the globe.
Wherefore, for all these things, we account the whale immortal in his species, however perishable in his individuality. He swam the seas before the continents broke water; he once swam over the site of the Tuileries, and Windsor Castle, and the Kremlin. In Noah’s flood he despised Noah’s Ark; and if ever the world is to be again flooded, like the Netherlands, to kill off its rats, then the eternal whale will still survive, and rearing upon the topmost crest of the equatorial flood, spout his frothed defiance to the skies.
Expansion and Analysis
Summary and Explanation
This passage explores the grandeur and enduring nature of the whale, often referred to as the Leviathan, a mythical sea creature symbolizing immense power and mystery. The author questions whether whales have diminished in size over generations, concluding that modern whales are actually larger than their ancient ancestors based on fossil records and scientific observations. The text also challenges exaggerated historical claims about whale sizes, suggesting that whales today are as large as those described by ancient naturalists, despite some myths of enormous whales.
The author then discusses the threat of extinction faced by whales due to intense hunting, comparing their situation to that of the American buffalo, which was nearly wiped out in a short time. However, the author argues that whales are less vulnerable to extinction because of their vast ocean habitat, longevity, and reproductive cycles. The whales’ ability to retreat to remote polar regions serves as a natural refuge from hunters. The passage closes by emphasizing the whale’s timeless existence, having survived through geological ages and biblical floods, symbolizing resilience and immortality in the natural world.
Background and Author Introduction
This excerpt is inspired by the tradition of natural history writing and may be linked to works like Herman Melville’s Moby-Dick or other 19th-century literature focused on whales and the sea. The author uses a rich, descriptive style to blend scientific observation with myth and folklore, reflecting the era’s fascination with exploration and the natural world. The Leviathan, a biblical and mythological figure, is used metaphorically to represent the whale’s majesty and endurance.
Literary and Educational Value
For children and students, this story offers a fascinating glimpse into natural history, encouraging curiosity about marine life and the environment. It introduces concepts such as:
- Evolution and fossil records: Understanding how species change or remain stable over time.
- Conservation: The impact of human activity on animal populations and the importance of protecting endangered species.
- Scientific skepticism: Learning to question exaggerated claims and seek evidence.
- Longevity and survival: How animals adapt and survive through changing environments.
Practical Learning Applications
- Science lessons: Use the whale’s biology and history to teach about marine ecosystems, species adaptation, and extinction.
- Environmental education: Discuss human impact on wildlife and the importance of sustainable practices.
- Literature and critical thinking: Analyze the use of myth and metaphor in describing natural phenomena.
- History and geography: Explore historical whaling, ancient civilizations’ knowledge of animals, and global ocean geography.
Key Vocabulary
- Leviathan: A giant sea creature, often symbolic of power.
- Degenerate: To decline or deteriorate in quality or size.
- Fossil: Preserved remains or traces of ancient organisms.
- Harpoon: A spear-like weapon used in hunting whales.
- Extinction: The complete disappearance of a species.
- Caravan: A group traveling together, used here to describe whale pods.
- Impregnable: Unable to be captured or broken into.
- Longevity: Long life or existence.
Reading Comprehension Questions
- What evidence does the author provide to show that modern whales are not smaller than ancient whales?
- Why does the author compare whales to buffalo in terms of extinction?
- What reasons does the author give to argue that whales are unlikely to become extinct soon?
- How do whales protect themselves from hunters according to the passage?
- What does the author mean by saying the whale is "immortal in his species, however perishable in his individuality"?
Answers
- The author cites fossil records showing whales from the Tertiary period were smaller than some modern whales, and mentions whalemen’s reports of very large sperm whales today.
- The author compares whales to buffalo to illustrate how intense hunting led to buffalo extinction, but argues the whale’s situation is different due to its habitat and hunting difficulties.
- Whales have vast ocean habitats, long lifespans, multiple generations living at once, and refuges in polar regions, all helping them survive hunting pressures.
- Whales retreat to remote polar regions where humans cannot easily follow, using icy barriers as protection.
- The species of whale continues to exist over time (immortal), even though individual whales live and die (perishable individuality).
This story encourages young readers to appreciate the natural world’s wonders and understand the balance between human activity and wildlife survival. It inspires respect for animals’ resilience and the importance of protecting our planet’s biodiversity.
