My life has been an eventful one. I was born a slave—was the child of slave parents—therefore I came upon the earth free in God–like thought, but fettered in action. My birthplace was Dinwiddie Court–House, in Virginia. My recollections of childhood are distinct, perhaps for the reason that many stirring incidents are associated with that period. I am now on the shady side of forty, and as I sit alone in my room the brain is busy, and a rapidly moving panorama brings scene after scene before me, some pleasant and others sad; and when I thus greet old familiar faces, I often find myself wondering if I am not living the past over again. The visions are so terribly distinct that I almost imagine them to be real. Hour after hour I sit while the scenes are being shifted; and as I gaze upon the panorama of the past, I realize how crowded with incidents my life has been. Every day seems like a romance within itself, and the years grow into ponderous volumes. As I cannot condense, I must omit many strange passages in my history. From such a wilderness of events it is difficult to make a selection, but as I am not writing altogether the history of myself, I will confine my story to the most important incidents which I believe influenced the moulding of my character. As I glance over the crowded sea of the past, these incidents stand forth prominently, the guide–posts of memory. I presume that I must have been four years old when I first began to remember; at least, I cannot now recall anything occurring previous to this period. My master, Col. A. Burwell, was somewhat unsettled in his business affairs, and while I was yet an infant he made several removals. While living at Hampton Sidney College, Prince Edward County, Va., Mrs. Burwell gave birth to a daughter, a sweet, black–eyed baby, my earliest and fondest pet. To take care of this baby was my first duty. True, I was but a child myself—only four years old—but then I had been raised in a hardy school—had been taught to rely upon myself, and to prepare myself to render assistance to others. The lesson was not a bitter one, for I was too young to indulge in philosophy, and the precepts that I then treasured and practised I believe developed those principles of character which have enabled me to triumph over so many difficulties. Notwithstanding all the wrongs that slavery heaped upon me, I can bless it for one thing—youth's important lesson of self–reliance. The baby was named Elizabeth, and it was pleasant to me to be assigned a duty in connection with it, for the discharge of that duty transferred me from the rude cabin to the household of my master. My simple attire was a short dress and a little white apron. My old mistress encouraged me in rocking the cradle, by telling me that if I would watch over the baby well, keep the flies out of its face, and not let it cry, I should be its little maid. This was a golden promise, and I required no better inducement for the faithful performance of my task. I began to rock the cradle most industriously, when lo! out pitched little pet on the floor. I instantly cried out, "Oh! the baby is on the floor;" and, not knowing what to do, I seized the fire–shovel in my perplexity, and was trying to shovel up my tender charge, when my mistress called to me to let the child alone, and then ordered that I be taken out and lashed for my carelessness. The blows were not administered with a light hand, I assure you, and doubtless the severity of the lashing has made me remember the incident so well. This was the first time I was punished in this cruel way, but not the last. The black–eyed baby that I called my pet grew into a self–willed girl, and in after years was the cause of much trouble to me. I grew strong and healthy, and, notwithstanding I knit socks and attended to various kinds of work, I was repeatedly told, when even fourteen years old, that I would never be worth my salt. When I was eight, Mr. Burwell's family consisted of six sons and four daughters, with a large family of servants. My mother was kind and forbearing; Mrs. Burwell a hard task–master; and as mother had so much work to do in making clothes, etc., for the family, besides the slaves, I determined to render her all the assistance in my power, and in rendering her such assistance my young energies were taxed to the utmost. I was my mother's only child, which made her love for me all the stronger. I did not know much of my father, for he was the slave of another man, and when Mr. Burwell moved from Dinwiddie he was separated from us, and only allowed to visit my mother twice a year—during the Easter holidays and Christmas. At last Mr. Burwell determined to reward my mother, by making an arrangement with the owner of my father, by which the separation of my parents could be brought to an end. It was a bright day, indeed, for my mother when it was announced that my father was coming to live with us. The old weary look faded from her face, and she worked as if her heart was in every task. But the golden days did not last long. The radiant dream faded all too soon.
In the morning my father called me to him and kissed me, then held me out at arms' length as if he were regarding his child with pride. "She is growing into a large fine girl," he remarked to my mother. "I dun no which I like best, you or Lizzie, as both are so dear to me." My mother's name was Agnes, and my father delighted to call me his "Little Lizzie." While yet my father and mother were speaking hopefully, joyfully of the future, Mr. Burwell came to the cabin, with a letter in his hand. He was a kind master in some things, and as gently as possible informed my parents that they must part; for in two hours my father must join his master at Dinwiddie, and go with him to the West, where he had determined to make his future home. The announcement fell upon the little circle in that rude–log cabin like a thunderbolt. I can remember the scene as if it were but yesterday;—how my father cried out against the cruel separation; his last kiss; his wild straining of my mother to his bosom; the solemn prayer to Heaven; the tears and sobs—the fearful anguish of broken hearts. The last kiss, the last good–by; and he, my father, was gone, gone forever. The shadow eclipsed the sunshine, and love brought despair. The parting was eternal. The cloud had no silver lining, but I trust that it will be all silver in heaven. We who are crushed to earth with heavy chains, who travel a weary, rugged, thorny road, groping through midnight darkness on earth, earn our right to enjoy the sunshine in the great hereafter. At the grave, at least, we should be permitted to lay our burdens down, that a new world, a world of brightness, may open to us. The light that is denied us here should grow into a flood of effulgence beyond the dark, mysterious shadows of death. Deep as was the distress of my mother in parting with my father, her sorrow did not screen her from insult. My old mistress said to her: "Stop your nonsense; there is no necessity for you putting on airs. Your husband is not the only slave that has been sold from his family, and you are not the only one that has had to part. There are plenty more men about here, and if you want a husband so badly, stop your crying and go and find another." To these unfeeling words my mother made no reply. She turned away in stoical silence, with a curl of that loathing scorn upon her lips which swelled in her heart.
My father and mother never met again in this world. They kept up a regular correspondence for years, and the most precious mementoes of my existence are the faded old letters that he wrote, full of love, and always hoping that the future would bring brighter days. In nearly every letter is a message for me. "Tell my darling little Lizzie," he writes, "to be a good girl, and to learn her book. Kiss her for me, and tell her that I will come to see her some day." Thus he wrote time and again, but he never came. He lived in hope, but died without ever seeing his wife and child.
I note a few extracts from one of my father's letters to my mother, following copy literally:
"SHELBYVILE, Sept. 6, 1833.
"Mrs. Agnes Hobbs
"Dear Wife: My dear biloved wife I am more than glad to meet with opportun[i]ty writee thes few lines to you by my Mistress who ar now about starterng to virginia, and sevl others of my old friends are with her; in compeney Mrs. Ann Rus the wife of master Thos Rus and Dan Woodiard and his family and I am very sorry that I havn the chance to go with them as I feele Determid to see you If life last again. I am now here and out at this pleace so I am not abble to get of at this time. I am write well and hearty and all the rest of masters family. I heard this eveng by Mistress that ar just from theree all sends love to you and all my old frends. I am a living in a town called Shelbyville and I have wrote a greate many letters since Ive beene here and almost been reeady to my selfe that its out of the question to write any more at tall: my dear wife I dont feeld no whys like giving out writing to you as yet and I hope when you get this letter that you be Inncougege to write me a letter. I am well satisfied at my living at this place I am a making money for my own benifit and I hope that its to yours also If I live to see Nexct year I shall heve my own time from master by giving him 100 and twenty Dollars a year and I thinke I shall be doing good bisness at that and heve something more thean all that. I hope with gods helpe that I may be abble to rejoys with you on the earth and In heaven lets meet when will I am detemnid to nuver stope praying, not in this earth and I hope to praise god In glory there weel meet to part no more forever. So my dear wife I hope to meet you In paradase to prase god forever * * * * * I want Elizabeth to be a good girl and not to thinke that becasue I am bound so fare that gods not abble to open the way * * * *
"George Pleasant, "Hobbs a servant of Grum."
The last letter that my mother received from my father was dated Shelbyville, Tennessee, March 20, 1839. He writes in a cheerful strain, and hopes to see her soon. Alas! he looked forward to a meeting in vain. Year after year the one great hope swelled in his heart, but the hope was only realized beyond the dark portals of the grave.
When I was about seven years old I witnessed, for the first time, the sale of a human being. We were living at Prince Edward, in Virginia, and master had just purchased his hogs for the winter, for which he was unable to pay in full. To escape from his embarrassment it was necessary to sell one of the slaves. Little Joe, the son of the cook, was selected as the victim. His mother was ordered to dress him up in his Sunday clothes, and send him to the house. He came in with a bright face, was placed in the scales, and was sold, like the hogs, at so much per pound. His mother was kept in ignorance of the transaction, but her suspicions were aroused. When her son started for Petersburgh in the wagon, the truth began to dawn upon her mind, and she pleaded piteously that her boy should not be taken from her; but master quieted her by telling her that he was simply going to town with the wagon, and would be back in the morning. Morning came, but little Joe did not return to his mother. Morning after morning passed, and the mother went down to the grave without ever seeing her child again. One day she was whipped for grieving for her lost boy. Colonel Burwell never liked to see one of his slaves wear a sorrowful face, and those who offended in this particular way were always punished. Alas! the sunny face of the slave is not always an indication of sunshine in the heart. Colonel Burwell at one time owned about seventy slaves, all of which were sold, and in a majority of instances wives were separated from husbands and children from their parents. Slavery in the Border States forty years ago was different from what it was twenty years ago. Time seemed to soften the hearts of master and mistress, and to insure kinder and more humane treatment to bondsmen and bondswomen. When I was quite a child, an incident occurred which my mother afterward impressed more strongly on my mind. One of my uncles, a slave of Colonel Burwell, lost a pair of ploughlines, and when the loss was made known the master gave him a new pair, and told him that if he did not take care of them he would punish him severely. In a few weeks the second pair of lines was stolen, and my uncle hung himself rather than meet the displeasure of his master. My mother went to the spring in the morning for a pail of water, and on looking up into the willow tree which shaded the bubbling crystal stream, she discovered the lifeless form of her brother suspended beneath one of the strong branches. Rather than be punished the way Colonel Burwell punished his servants, he took his own life. Slavery had its dark side as well as its bright side.
Contexte et présentation de l'auteur
Ce récit puissant est un extrait de l'autobiographie d'une ancienne esclave, dont l'histoire de vie offre un aperçu profondément personnel et vivant des dures réalités de l'esclavage dans l'Amérique du XIXe siècle. Née en esclavage en Virginie, l'auteur raconte des souvenirs de sa petite enfance à l'adolescence, révélant les difficultés émotionnelles et physiques endurées, ainsi que des moments d'espoir et de résilience. L'histoire se déroule dans le contexte d'une société où les personnes asservies étaient considérées comme des biens, où les familles étaient déchirées et où la vie quotidienne était marquée par la peur, les punitions et la perte.
L'identité de l'auteur n'est pas explicitement donnée ici, mais le style et le contenu ressemblent aux œuvres autobiographiques de narrateurs d'esclaves afro-américains tels que Harriet Jacobs ou Frederick Douglass, qui ont utilisé leurs histoires personnelles pour exposer la cruauté de l'esclavage et plaider en faveur de l'abolition et des droits de l'homme. Ces récits ont joué un rôle crucial dans l'éducation du public et l'inspiration du changement.
Interprétation détaillée et signification
Ce passage offre une représentation brute et honnête de la vie d'une jeune fille asservie nommée Elizabeth et de sa famille. Il met en évidence plusieurs thèmes clés :
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La perte de la liberté et la séparation familiale : L'histoire illustre l'impact dévastateur de l'esclavage sur les liens familiaux. Les parents d'Elizabeth sont séparés par la vente, une réalité courante et tragique pour les familles asservies. La douleur et le chagrin de ces séparations forcées sont palpables, montrant comment l'esclavage a déshumanisé les individus et détruit les unités familiales.
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L'enfance au milieu de l'esclavage : Malgré son jeune âge, Elizabeth est accablée de responsabilités d'adulte, comme s'occuper du bébé Elizabeth et aider sa mère avec les travaux pénibles. Son histoire montre la perte d'une enfance insouciante, remplacée par de dures réalités et des leçons précoces d'autonomie.
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Cruauté et punition : Le récit n'hésite pas à décrire les punitions physiques infligées à Elizabeth et à sa famille. Les coups de fouet et la discipline sévère reflètent les mécanismes de contrôle brutaux utilisés pour maintenir l'esclavage.
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Résilience et espoir : Malgré la souffrance, l'histoire d'Elizabeth est aussi une histoire de force et d'endurance. Les lettres de son père, remplies d'amour et d'espoir, symbolisent la capacité de l'esprit humain à rêver de liberté et de retrouvailles, même face à des difficultés insurmontables.
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La complexité de l'esclavage : L'auteur note que l'esclavage avait un « côté sombre ainsi que son côté lumineux », reconnaissant des moments de gentillesse, mais soulignant que de tels moments n'effaçaient pas l'injustice et la cruauté fondamentales du système.
Leçons et inspirations pour les étudiants
La lecture de cette histoire offre d'importantes leçons aux jeunes lecteurs :
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Empathie et compréhension : Les élèves peuvent développer de l'empathie en imaginant les sentiments et les expériences d'Elizabeth et de sa famille. Comprendre l'histoire à travers des histoires personnelles aide à humaniser les événements passés et encourage le respect de la dignité humaine.
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La valeur de la résilience : La capacité d'Elizabeth à endurer les difficultés et à garder espoir enseigne l'importance de la résilience. Dans la vie, les élèves seront confrontés à des défis, et apprendre à persévérer est une compétence précieuse.
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L'importance de la famille et de l'amour : L'histoire souligne comment l'amour et les liens familiaux apportent de la force, même dans les moments les plus sombres. Chérir et soutenir la famille et les amis est une valeur universelle.
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La prise de conscience de l'injustice : Ce récit encourage la pensée critique sur la justice sociale et les conséquences de la discrimination et de l'inégalité. Les élèves peuvent réfléchir à la manière dont les sociétés peuvent s'améliorer et au rôle que les individus jouent dans la promotion de l'équité.
Appliquer l'esprit de l'histoire dans la vie quotidienne
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Dans l'apprentissage : Les élèves peuvent s'inspirer de la détermination d'Elizabeth à apprendre et à aider sa famille. Ils peuvent cultiver l'autonomie en se fixant des objectifs, en travaillant dur et en soutenant les autres.
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Dans les interactions sociales : L'histoire enseigne la gentillesse et la compréhension envers les autres, en particulier ceux qui rencontrent des difficultés. Les élèves peuvent pratiquer l'empathie en écoutant et en aidant les camarades de classe qui peuvent être en difficulté.
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Face à l'adversité : Face aux revers ou aux traitements injustes, les élèves peuvent se souvenir du courage d'Elizabeth et s'efforcer de réagir avec force et dignité.
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Dans la construction du caractère : Le récit met en évidence des qualités telles que la responsabilité, le souci des autres et l'espoir. Les élèves peuvent développer ces traits en faisant du bénévolat, en étant fiables et en gardant une attitude positive.
Comment cultiver des valeurs positives à partir de l'histoire
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Discussion et réflexion : Les enseignants et les parents peuvent encourager les élèves à parler des thèmes de l'histoire et à les relier à leur propre vie.
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Expression créative : Écrire des essais, des poèmes ou dessiner des scènes de l'histoire peut aider les élèves à intérioriser ses messages.
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Modèles de rôle : Apprendre à connaître des personnalités historiques qui ont surmonté l'adversité, comme l'auteur, peut motiver les élèves à développer la résilience et l'intégrité.
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Implication communautaire : Participer à des activités qui promeuvent l'égalité et la gentillesse peut aider les élèves à pratiquer les valeurs apprises de l'histoire.
Ce récit est plus qu'un compte rendu historique ; c'est un témoignage de l'endurance humaine et de la quête de liberté et de dignité. En étudiant et en réfléchissant à de telles histoires, les élèves acquièrent non seulement une connaissance de l'histoire, mais aussi l'inspiration pour construire un monde plus juste et plus compatissant.