Often Mr. and Mrs. Lincoln discussed the relations of Cabinet officers, and gentlemen prominent in politics, in my presence. I soon learned that the wife of the President had no love for Mr. Salmon P. Chase, at that time Secretary of the Treasury. She was well versed in human character, was somewhat suspicious of those by whom she was surrounded, and often her judgment was correct. Her intuition about the sincerity of individuals was more accurate than that of her husband. She looked beyond, and read the reflection of action in the future. Her hostility to Mr. Chase was very bitter. She claimed that he was a selfish politician instead of a true patriot, and warned Mr. Lincoln not to trust him too far. The daughter of the Secretary was quite a belle in Washington, and Mrs. Lincoln, who was jealous of the popularity of others, had no desire to build up her social position through political favor to her father. Miss Chase, now Mrs. Senator Sprague, was a lovely woman, and was worthy of all the admiration she received. Mr. Lincoln was more confiding than his wife. He never suspected the fidelity of those who claimed to be his friends. Honest to the very core himself, and frank as a child, he never dreamed of questioning the sincerity of others.
"Father, I do wish that you would inquire a little into the motives of Chase," said his wife one day.
The President was lying carelessly upon a sofa, holding a newspaper in his hands. "Mother, you are too suspicious. I give you credit for sagacity, but you are disposed to magnify trifles. Chase is a patriot, and one of my best friends."
"Yes, one of your best friends because it is his interest to be so. He is anything for Chase. If he thought he could make anything by it, he would betray you to–morrow."
"I fear that you are prejudiced against the man, mother. I know that you do him injustice."
"Mr. Lincoln, you are either blind or will not see. I am not the only one that has warned you against him."
"True, I receive letters daily from all parts of the country, telling me not to trust Chase; but then these letters are written by the political enemies of the Secretary, and it would be unjust and foolish to pay any attention to them."
"Very well, you will find out some day, if you live long enough, that I have read the man correctly. I only hope that your eyes may not be opened to the truth when it is too late." The President, as far as I could judge from his conversation with his wife, continued to confide in Mr. Chase to the time of his tragic death.
Mrs. Lincoln was especially severe on Mr. Wm. H. Seward, Secretary of State. She but rarely lost an opportunity to say an unkind word of him.
One morning I went to the White House earlier than usual. Mr. Lincoln was sitting in a chair, reading a paper, stroking with one hand the head of little Tad. I was basting a dress for Mrs. Lincoln. A servant entered, and handed the President a letter just brought by a messenger. He broke the seal, and when he had read the contents his wife asked:
"Who is the letter from, father?"
"Seward; I must go over and see him today."
"Seward! I wish you had nothing to do with that man. He cannot be trusted."
"You say the same of Chase. If I listened to you, I should soon be without a Cabinet."
"Better be without it than to confide in some of the men that you do. Seward is worse than Chase. He has no principle."
"Mother, you are mistaken; your prejudices are so violent that you do not stop to reason. Seward is an able man, and the country as well as myself can trust him."
"Father, you are too honest for this world! You should have been born a saint. You will generally find it a safe rule to distrust a disappointed, ambitious politician. It makes me mad to see you sit still and let that hypocrite, Seward, twine you around his finger as if you were a skein of thread."
"It is useless to argue the question, mother. You cannot change my opinion."
Mrs. Lincoln prided herself upon her ability to read character. She was shrewd and far–seeing, and had no patience with the frank, confiding nature of the President.
When Andrew Johnson was urged for military Governor of Tennessee, Mrs. Lincoln bitterly opposed the appointment.
"He is a demagogue," she said, almost fiercely, "and if you place him in power, Mr. Lincoln, mark my words, you will rue it some day."
General McClellan, when made Commander–in–Chief, was the idol of the soldiers, and never was a general more universally popular. "He is a humbug," remarked Mrs. Lincoln one day in my presence.
"What makes you think so, mother?" good–naturedly inquired the President.
"Because he talks so much and does so little. If I had the power I would very soon take off his head, and put some energetic man in his place."
"But I regard McClellan as a patriot and an able soldier. He has been much embarrassed. The troops are raw, and the subordinate officers inclined to be rebellious. There are too many politicians in the army with shoulder–straps. McClellan is young and popular, and they are jealous of him. They will kill him off if they can."
"McClellan can make plenty of excuse for himself, therefore he needs no advocate in you. If he would only do something, and not promise so much, I might learn to have a little faith in him. I tell you he is a humbug, and you will have to find some man to take his place, that is, if you wish to conquer the South."
Mrs. Lincoln could not tolerate General Grant. "He is a butcher," she would often say, "and is not fit to be at the head of an army."
"But he has been very successful in the field," argued the President.
"Yes, he generally manages to claim a victory, but such a victory! He loses two men to the enemy's one. He has no management, no regard for life. If the war should continue four years longer, and he should remain in power, he would depopulate the North. I could fight an army as well myself. According to his tactics, there is nothing under the heavens to do but to march a new line of men up in front of the rebel breastworks to be shot down as fast as they take their position, and keep marching until the enemy grows tired of the slaughter. Grant, I repeat, is an obstinate fool and a butcher."
"Well, mother, supposing that we give you command of the army. No doubt you would do much better than any general that has been tried." There was a twinkle in the eyes, and a ring of irony in the voice.
I have often heard Mrs. Lincoln say that if Grant should ever be elected President of the United States she would desire to leave the country, and remain absent during his term of office.
It was well known that Mrs. Lincoln's brothers were in the Confederate army, and for this reason it was often charged that her sympathies were with the South. Those who made the hasty charge were never more widely mistaken.
One morning, on my way to the White House, I heard that Captain Alexander Todd, one of her brothers, had been killed. I did not like to inform Mrs. Lincoln of his death, judging that it would be painful news to her. I had been in her room but a few minutes when she said, with apparent unconcern, "Lizzie, I have just heard that one of my brothers has been killed in the war."
"I also heard the same, Mrs. Lincoln, but hesitated to speak of it, for fear the subject would be a painful one to you."
"You need not hesitate. Of course, it is but natural that I should feel for one so nearly related to me, but not to the extent that you suppose. He made his choice long ago. He decided against my husband, and through him against me. He has been fighting against us; and since he chose to be our deadly enemy, I see no special reason why I should bitterly mourn his death."
I felt relieved, and in subsequent conversations learned that Mrs. Lincoln had no sympathy for the South. "Why should I sympathize with the rebels," she would say; "are they not against me? They would hang my husband to–morrow if it was in their power, and perhaps gibbet me with him. How then can I sympathize with a people at war with me and mine?" She always objected to being thought Southern in feeling.
Mr. Lincoln was generous by nature, and though his whole heart was in the war, he could not but respect the valor of those opposed to him. His soul was too great for the narrow, selfish views of partisanship. Brave by nature himself, he honored bravery in others, even his foes. Time and again I have heard him speak in the highest terms of the soldierly qualities of such brave Confederate generals as Lee, Stonewall Jackson, and Joseph E. Johns[t]on. Jackson was his ideal soldier. "He is a brave, honest Presbyterian soldier," were his words; "what a pity that we should have to fight such a gallant fellow! If we only had such a man to lead the armies of the North, the country would not be appalled with so many disasters."
As this is a rambling chapter, I will here record an incident showing his feeling toward Robert E. Lee. The very morning of the day on which he was assassinated, his son, Capt. Robert Lincoln, came into the room with a portrait of General Lee in his hand. The President took the picture, laid it on a table before him, scanned the face thoughtfully, and said: "It is a good face; it is the face of a noble, noble, brave man. I am glad that the war is over at last." Looking up at Robert, he continued: "Well, my son, you have returned safely from the front. The war is now closed, and we soon will live in peace with the brave men that have been fighting against us. I trust that the era of good feeling has returned with the war, and that henceforth we shall live in peace. Now listen to me, Robert: you must lay aside your uniform, and return to college. I wish you to read law for three years, and at the end of that time I hope that we will be able to tell whether you will make a lawyer or not." His face was more cheerful than I had seen it for a long while, and he seemed to be in a generous, forgiving mood.
Contexto e Introdução da Autora
Esta passagem é um trecho de memórias ou relatos históricos relacionados a Abraham Lincoln e sua família durante a Guerra Civil Americana. A autora, provavelmente uma contemporânea ou observadora próxima, oferece percepções íntimas sobre a dinâmica pessoal e política dentro da casa de Lincoln. Abraham Lincoln, o 16º Presidente dos Estados Unidos, liderou a nação em seu período mais desafiador, a Guerra Civil (1861–1865), esforçando-se para preservar a União e abolir a escravidão. Sua esposa, Mary Todd Lincoln, é retratada aqui como uma mulher perspicaz, às vezes desconfiada, profundamente envolvida em assuntos políticos e protetora de seu marido.
Interpretação Detalhada e Significado
A passagem revela as tensões e suspeitas que permeavam até os mais altos níveis do governo durante a guerra. A desconfiança da Sra. Lincoln em relação a membros-chave do Gabinete, como Salmon P. Chase e William H. Seward, reflete a complexa interação de política, lealdade e ambição pessoal. Seus julgamentos severos contrastam com a natureza confiante e perdoadora de Lincoln, destacando diferentes abordagens de liderança e caráter humano.
O respeito de Lincoln pela bravura, mesmo entre seus inimigos, ressalta sua magnanimidade e visão de reconciliação. Sua admiração por generais confederados como Robert E. Lee e Stonewall Jackson demonstra uma capacidade de ver além do conflito e reconhecer o valor, independentemente do lado. O momento comovente de Lincoln discutindo a paz e o futuro de seu filho no dia de seu assassinato adiciona uma poderosa camada emocional à narrativa.
Lições e Insights para Estudantes
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Compreendendo Liderança e Confiança: A história ensina que a liderança exige confiança e cautela. A abertura de Lincoln permitiu que ele construísse relacionamentos fortes, mas a cautela da Sra. Lincoln nos lembra que o pensamento crítico sobre os motivos dos outros é essencial.
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A Complexidade do Caráter Humano: As pessoas são multifacetadas. As suspeitas da Sra. Lincoln, a honestidade de Lincoln e as ambições políticas de outros mostram que entender as pessoas exige olhar além das primeiras impressões.
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O Valor do Perdão e do Respeito: A capacidade de Lincoln de respeitar seus inimigos e esperar pela paz é um exemplo poderoso de perdão e reconciliação, qualidades vitais em conflitos pessoais e sociais.
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O Impacto da Guerra nas Famílias: A história também aborda o custo pessoal da guerra, pois os irmãos da Sra. Lincoln lutaram pelo lado oposto, ilustrando como os conflitos nacionais afetam profundamente as famílias.
Aplicações na Vida Diária, Aprendizagem e Situações Sociais
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Pensamento Crítico: Os alunos devem aprender a avaliar as informações cuidadosamente, assim como a Sra. Lincoln aconselhou cautela sobre figuras políticas. Essa habilidade é útil no trabalho escolar e nas interações sociais para evitar ser enganado.
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Empatia e Respeito: Como Lincoln, os alunos podem praticar o respeito pelas perspectivas dos outros, mesmo quando discordam, promovendo melhores amizades e trabalho em equipe.
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Resiliência e Perdão: A capacidade de perdoar e seguir em frente após conflitos ajuda a manter a paz nos relacionamentos, seja em casa, na escola ou na comunidade.
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Consciência das Consequências: Compreender como as decisões afetam os outros, como visto na dinâmica política e familiar aqui, incentiva o comportamento responsável.
Cultivando Traços Positivos da História
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Desenvolvendo Intuição e Julgamento: Os alunos podem praticar a observação cuidadosa das ações e palavras das pessoas para entender melhor suas intenções, assim como a Sra. Lincoln fez.
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Equilibrando Confiança e Ceticismo: Aprender quando confiar e quando questionar ajuda a construir relacionamentos fortes e saudáveis.
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Honestidade e Integridade: Emular a honestidade e a franqueza de Lincoln pode construir a reputação e o respeito próprio.
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Coragem e Liderança: A bravura de Lincoln em liderar uma nação dividida incentiva os alunos a permanecerem firmes em seus valores e agirem com coragem em situações desafiadoras.
Conclusão
Esta narrativa histórica não apenas oferece um vislumbre da vida de um dos maiores presidentes da América e de sua família, mas também fornece lições atemporais sobre confiança, liderança, natureza humana e reconciliação. Os alunos que lerem isso podem obter insights sobre como navegar em desafios sociais e pessoais complexos, desenvolver o pensamento crítico e cultivar virtudes que lhes serão úteis ao longo da vida.